We will discuss some of the most frequently used in the industry. A strategy widely used in early ages is to use ingredients that are highly palatable and of elevated biological value, for example, to provide proteins through hydrolysates of mucosa , porcine plasma , or whey. These ingredients have demonstrated their capacity to increase the productive results and to increase the value of the diet through other functions, such as their antimicrobial capacity or immunostimulation.
However, these ingredients are practically only used in the initial stages, due to their high economic cost. Alternatively, processed soy products such as hydrolyzed protein concentrates are also a way to improve digestion, because of their high protein content and high digestibility, due to their low level of anti-nutritional factors figure 1.
Figure 1: Amino acid digestibility profile in soy concentrates standardized ileal digestibility. NRC This protein would promote bacteria that ferment it, producing potentially toxic compounds, and ultimately causing post-weaning diarrhea.
However, it is necessary to supplement the ration with synthetic essential amino acids , following the ideal protein profile, to carry out this decrease in protein levels without affecting the productive performance. Figure The acidification of the digesta is also a good strategy to improve digestion, especially in post-weaning piglets because their endogenous capacity is very limited.
By adding an acidifier in the diet, the reduction on protein digestion and its effects on immunity and productive parameters are avoided. Another way to improve the utilisation of the diet is the addition of exogenous enzymes Table 1.
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Lister N. Morgan E. Shepherd E. Bronk J. Meredith D. Boyd R. These villi can increase the surface of the intestines by 30 fold. Cells are produced at the base of the villi crypt and migrate to the top as they mature and are sloughed off at the tips. Through the maturation process, cells gain the ability to produce digestive enzymes and later increase their absorptive capabilities through microvilli small villi on the surface of the cell.
The villi and microvilli together are reported to amplify the effective surface area of the intestines by to 1, fold! Intestinal insults from pathogens bacteria, viruses , toxins, or any other irritating products including some feedstuffs , can damage intestinal cells causing significant losses in digestive and absorptive capabilities of the intestine. Tight junctions The intestine also serves as a major defense mechanism to help protect pigs.
Pigs are immunologically competent have all necessary parts at birth actually since day 70 of gestation but their immune system is not fully mature and efficient at this time. One of the main functions of the intestinal cells is to protect pigs from pathogens bad bugs and compounds toxins, foreign proteins, etc.
These tight junctions make sure no large molecules enter the body while the cells use their absorptive capabilities to allow nutrients in. When pigs are born, these tight junctions are quite loose for the first few days of life allowing antibodies, cells, and other immunological compounds in colostrum to be absorbed whole. Other defense mechanisms Besides tight junctions, the gastrointestinal system has many other mechanisms that help protect the pig from pathogens.
Gastic acids lower the pH of intestinal content significantly. This low pH kills many pathogens. Gut motility also plays an important role. Keeping intestinal content moving minimises the time pathogens and toxins have to interact with intestinal cells. Chilling of pigs decreases gut motility which makes them more susceptible to enteric diseases.
Bile acids compounds produced by the liver to help digestion also have strong antibacterial properties. Colostrum Pigs are not able to obtain antibodies from their mothers while in utero due to the placental characteristics and therefore need passive antibodies through colostrum.
Researchers have estimated that piglets need about ml of colostrum to survive. This amount is not only for the antibodies IgG and other immunological cells and compounds but also for its nutritional value especially energy sources found in colostrum.
As mentioned previously, piglets are born with loose intestinal tight junctions to allow for the absorption of IgG and other immune components in colostrum. Although many publications emphasise the importance of allowing piglets to obtain colostrum within the first hours after birth before gut closure occurs, getting colostrum within the first six hours of life is critical as absorptive capabilities dramatically decrease thereafter.
Colostrum also plays an important role in eliciting dramatic changes in intestinal growth, structure and function of newborn pigs during the first six hours of suckling. This is highly related to the amount of colostrum ingested and can result in approximately fold increase in absorptive area in the intestines. It should be the goal of all farrowing house personnel to maximise piglet immunity and intestinal function by maximising the opportunity for piglets to have access to good amounts of high quality colostrum as soon as possible after birth.
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