Until the early 20th century, Canada was primarily an agricultural nation. Since then it has become one of the most highly industrialized countries in the world as a direct result of the development of the 'heartland'.
To a large extent the manufacturing industries present in the heartland are supplied with raw materials produced by the agricultural, mining, forestry, and fishing sectors of the Canadian economy, a region known as the 'hinterland'. The 'heartland-hinterland' concept in Canada describes patterns of economic power, namely, where economic power and control resides within the nation.
Thus, the heartland-hinterland concept distinguishes raw-material and staple-producing hinterlands from the capital service industrial heartland and reveals the metropolis or dominating city of the system. At a national scale, the Canadian metropolis is Toronto, and the region with the most influence is the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands. But while immense influence radiates outward from the metropolis located in the heartland, the relationship between hinterland and heartland is one of intimate mutual dependency.
In modern Canadian economics, neither region can exist without each other, and the well-being of one directly affects the other. These two regions show remarkable contrasts, yet they are to a large extent interdependent on each other, clearly suggesting that the heartland-hinterland distinction is quite relevant in terms of Canada's economic geography.
Upon discussing the importance of the heartland-hinterland in Canada, it is necessary to discuss what each term refers to. Inferences from analysis of the National Policy on Tariffs showed that tariffs maintaining high costs of industrial imports favored industrial production growth in Central Canada at the expense of the disparities in the regional incomes between the central Canada and the rest of Canada Matteo 4.
State revenue collection systems present a complex scenario where the mainstream policy triggers uneven welfare and development landscape. The policies of the state are politically manipulated and rarely prioritize market forces and trends; yet tax regimes and expenditures by the state reflect the control over economic resources Ray, Lamarche and Biffignandi 3.
The comparison between economic activities and gross domestic product, showed a greater margin in the current centuries than former. Most political decisions that impact on the hinterland progress are developed at administrative centers that are physically and culturally remote to the hinterlands; thus, is possible to have regional alienation as a byproduct Matteo 4.
The intensity of professions in management, natural and applied sciences in both hinterlands and heartlands shows minimal disparities. However, in the primary and manufacturing categories, there are distinctive differences. Heartlands region leads in the manufacturing category while hinterland in the primaries category. Moreover, primaries offer fewer employment opportunities while manufacturing category experience decline in employment opportunities.
Filion 12 observes that large metropolitan regions have employment rates in the manufacturing category that surpass the national average. However, the observation for the primaries is a vice versa. Within the hinterland regions, the three largest urban areas all within the Western Canada have employment within the primary category above the national average Filion However, the observations for the manufacturing present an opposite scenario.
Income levels declined until the period between and , after which it experienced an upward growth. The trend witnessed resembled that of the population pattern in similar periods. The instability in the disparities between the hinterland and heartlands is explained by two factors. One, the mixed impact of urbanization across the two region types, causing accelerated growth, stagnation or a decline Filion Differences in performance among the industrial sectors within the heartland region could lead to diversity in growth styles Filion Among the possible sources of the intra differences are the sunset and sunrise industries.
In the case of hinterland region, the intra differences in growth resulted from lack of unequal demand cycle for their raw resources.
In addition, the lack of synchrony in peak periods for crude oil as well as lumber. Expansion of urban locations in both heartlands and hinterlands can lead to their convergence. Lawrence River. Filion 5 explains that the heartland is founded on tariffs and thrives on branch plants.
Data evidence showed that the domestic export traffic within the annual period ending comprised of more than two-thirds from Quebec and Ontario heartlands Akwawua 7.
Half of the overall export volume, registered in , originated from Ontario Akwawua 7. The heartlands of Canada benefited through the exponential development of knowledge intensive industries. Cases in point include the rapid emergence of information technology in Toronto, Waterloo and Ottawa; aerospace engineering in Montreal as well as pharmaceuticals in Toronto and Montreal Filion 5. There is a possibility for the return into the staples-dominated economy.
The developing countries such as India and China are presenting stiff competition in the manufacturing realms. This will give the heartland regions in Canada difficult times, though the Canadian currency is still robust. Nevertheless, the hinterland regions will stand to benefit from the global rise in demand for their exports Filion 7.
The economic balance will incline towards the hinterlands. Considering the stunted employment opportunities in the primaries vis-a-vis manufacturing, the domestic impact of this, is unpredictable.
Halford Mackinder presented the initial works that led to the development of the concept of the heartlands. His scholarly works focused on the Eurasia. MacCann and Simmons furthered the concept of heartland into the heartland-hinterland relationship that modeled the economic differences in the regions of Canada.
Nevertheless, Filion 15 observes that the heartland-hinterland concept does not effectively describe the unbalanced development within the Canadian regional settings. Moreover, since the strength of growth within the heartlands vis-a-vis the hinterlands has over time weakened. The strengthening of hinterlands may revive the possibilities of national development returning to the Staple model Filion The revival of hinterlands may gain an added advantage because of the global growth in the demand for resources.
Filion 15 has the view that urbanization and urban systems in Canada may not stand to gain a lot from the hinterland development growth compared to the impact of the heartlands. Wyly 12 warns of the vulnerability of areas that pre-occupy in the supply within the staple market. Amassing a competitive share of the natural resource aligns within the perfect competition models envisaged within the neoclassical economic theory. Nevertheless, products from the manufacturing sector may not necessarily follow the same sensitive path.
Switch in technologies as well as an adjustment in efficiency causes the ultimate lowering of the terms of trade for staples. Dependency on the foreign export for staples leads to the strong attraction of multinational firms in the domestic sector. The transitional dynamics taking place within the policy formulation, migration and immigration as well as the economic activities may widen the hinterland-hinterland disparities, ending up with a handful of huge urban places that have high growth explosions alongside numerous smaller centers that have yet to realize their full potential for growth.
Hinterlands are the home for the numerous smaller urban places, while the heartlands host the larger ones. Influx in internal migration patterns within the services sector to metropolises where opportunities create a manpower vacuum at the expense of the hinterlands. Unless interventionist strategies that will level up and stabilize opportunities across the regions, inter-sector growth disparities that have regional strongholds may deny chance to the convergence between the heartlands and the hinterlands.
Already the National Policy on Tariffs has had a biased impact on the regional economy, in favor of the heartlands. This presents a lesson that implementations of national magnitude should be in touch with the diverse Canadian economy, social, political, environmental as well as cultural fabric or else it would have adverse ramifications.
For sectors that have been affected, intervention strategies include redistribution policies that would lead to diminishing of polarization. Akwawua, Siaw. Changing patterns of core-periphery migration in Canada, — Horne, William. Provincial dominance: the unique case of Winnipeg.
Ismailov, Eldar and Vladimer Papava. Matteo, Livo. Rice, Murray. Scott, Margaret, and W. Wolfe, David, and M. Need a custom Term Paper sample written from scratch by professional specifically for you?
We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. If you continue, we will assume that you agree to our Cookies Policy. Introduction Heartland Concept At the onset of the 20 th Century, while working on the geopolitical situation and geo-economic setup of Europe and Asia, Halford Mackinder conceptualized the pivot area Ismailov and Papava Learn More. Heartland Hinterland Period Quebec Ontario Maritimes Prairies British Columbia , 85, , , 77, , , , , , , , 30, -9, 92, , , , , , , , , , 7, This term paper on Heartland And Hinterland Relationship Concept in Canada was written and submitted by your fellow student.
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