However, many host cities regret the high costs associated with hosting the games as a poor investment [33]. In the past, the IOC has often been criticised for being a monolithic organisation, with several members remaining a member at old age, or even until their deaths. Under his presidency, the Olympic Movement made great progress, but has been seen as autocratic and corrupt. Samaranch's ties with the Franco's regime in Spain and his long term as a president 21 years, until he was 81 years old have also been points of critique.
In , it became known that several IOC members had taken bribes from the organising committee for the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, in exchange for a vote on the city at the election of the host city.
The IOC started an investigation, which led to four members resigning and six being expelled. The scandal set off further reforms, changing the way in which host cities are elected to avoid further bribes.
Also, more active and former athletes were allowed in the IOC, and the membership terms have been limited. Later, a similar movement in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia organized to protest the hosting of the Winter Games.
These movements were particularly concerned about adverse local economic impact and dislocation of people to accommodate the hosting of the Olympics. The documentary claimed it is possible to bribe IOC members into voting for a particular candidate city. They have denied the allegations. Others have alleged that the Winter Olympics were held in Turin because officials bribed the IOC and so Turin got the games and Sion, Switzerland which was the favorite did not.
The Olympic Movement has been accused of being overprotective of its symbolism in particular, it claims an exclusive and monopolistic copyright over any arrangement of five rings and the term "olympics" , and have taken action against things unrelated to sport, such as the role-playing game Legend of the Five Rings. It was accused of homophobia in when it successfully sued the Gay Olympics, an event now known as the Gay Games, to ban it from using the term "olympics" in its name. The Olympic movement uses many symbols, most of them representing Coubertin's ideas and ideals.
The Olympic Rings are the most widely used symbol. The five colored rings on a white field form the Olympic Flag. The colors, white, red, blue, green, yellow, and black, were chosen such that each nation has at least one of these colors in its national flag.
The flag was adopted in , but the first Games at which it was flown were Antwerp, It is hoisted at each celebration of the Games. Coubertin's ideals are probably best illustrated by the Olympic Creed:. Prior to each Games, the Olympic Flame is lit in Olympia, Greece and brought to the host city by runners carrying the torch in relay. There it plays an important role in the opening ceremonies. Though the torch fire has been around since , the relay was introduced in as part of the then German government's attempt to promote their National Socialist ideology.
The Olympic mascot, an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country, was introduced in It has played an important part of the games since with the debut of Misha , a Russian bear. Apart from the traditional elements, the host nation ordinarily presents artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of that country.
Various traditional elements frame the opening ceremonies of a celebration of the Olympic Games. The ceremonies typically start with the hoisting of the host country's flag and the performing of its national anthem.
The traditional part of the ceremonies starts with a "parade of nations" or of athletes , during which most participating athletes march into the stadium, country by country. One honoured athlete, typically a top competitor, from each country carries the flag of his or her nation, leading the entourage of other athletes from that country. Traditionally starting at the Summer Olympics Greece marches first, because of its historical status as the origin of the Olympics, while the host nation marches last.
In , when the Games were held in Athens, Greece marched last as host nation rather than first, although the flag of Greece was carried in first. Between these two nations, all other participating nations march in alphabetical order of the dominant language of the host country, or in French or English alphabetical order if the host country does not write its dominant language in an alphabet which has a set order.
In the Summer Olympics in Barcelona, both Spanish and Catalan were official languages of the games, but due to politics surrounding the use of Catalan, the nations entered in French alphabetical order. After all nations have entered, the president of the host country's Olympic Organising Committee makes a speech, followed by the IOC president who, at the end of his speech introduces the representative of the host country who declares the Games open by reciting the formula:.
Before , the Opener often used to make a short Speech of Welcome before declaring the Games open. The only exception was in , when U. Despite the Games having been awarded to a particular city and not to the country in general, the Olympic Charter presently requires the Opener to be the host country's head of state.
There are five examples from the United States alone where the Games were not opened by the head of state. Next, the Olympic Flag is carried horizontally since the Summer Olympics into the stadium and hoisted as the Olympic Anthem is played.
The flag bearers of all countries circle a rostrum , where one athlete since the Summer Olympics and one judge since the Summer Olympics speak the Olympic Oath, declaring they will compete and judge according to the rules.
Beginning at the post-World War I Summer Olympics , the lighting of the Olympic Flame was for 68 years followed by the release of doves, symbolizing peace. Opening ceremonies have been held outdoors, usually on the main athletics stadium, but those for the Winter Olympics will be the first to be held indoors, at the BC Place Stadium. Various traditional elements also frame the closing ceremonies of an Olympic Games, which take place after all athletic events have concluded.
Flag bearers from each participating country enter the stadium in single file, but behind them march all of the athletes without any distinction or grouping of nationality — a tradition that began at the Summer Olympics at the suggestion of Melbourne schoolboy John Ian Wing, who thought it would be a way of bringing the athletes of the world together as "one nation". Three national flags are hoisted on flagpoles one at a time while the corresponding national anthems are played: The flag of Greece is raised on the middle pole honoring the birthplace of the Olympic Games, the flag of the host country on the lefthand pole, and then the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games, on the righthand pole.
In what is known as the "Antwerp Ceremony" because the tradition began in , the mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic Flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games. There are three such flags, differing from all other copies in that they have a six-coloured fringe around the flag, and are tied with six coloured ribbons to a flagstaff:.
This tradition posed a particular challenge at the Winter Games in Turin, Italy. Mayor Sullivan, who is a quadriplegic, waved the flag by holding it in one hand and swinging his motorized wheelchair back and forth eight times.
After these traditional elements, the next host nation introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of that country. This tradition began with the Games. The president of the host country's Olympic Organising Committee makes a speech, followed by the IOC president, who at the end of his speech formally closes the Olympics, by saying:. The Olympic Flame is extinguished, and while the Olympic anthem is being played, the Olympic Flag that was hoisted during the opening ceremonies is lowered from the flagpole and carried horizontally from the stadium.
After medals are awarded and presented for a particular event, the flags of the nations of the three medalists are raised. The flag of the gold medalist's country is in the center and always raised the highest while the flag of the silver medalist's country is on the left facing the flags and the flag of the bronze medalist's country is on the right, both at lower elevations to the gold medalist's country's flag.
The flags are all raised while the national anthem of the gold medalist's country plays. This format of medal presentation is also seen in other multi-sporting events such as the Southeast Asian Games, the Commonwealth Games and the Asian Games, as well as some motor racing events including Formula 1 and MotoGP. Currently, the Olympic program consists of 35 different sports, 53 disciplines and more than events.
The Summer Olympics includes 28 sports with 38 disciplines and the Winter Olympics includes 7 sports with 15 disciplines. If the rowing events had not been cancelled due to bad weather, they would have been included in this list as well.
At the most recent Winter Olympics, 15 disciplines in seven sports were featured. Of these, cross country skiing , figure skating , ice hockey , Nordic combined , Ski Jumping , and speed skating have been featured on the programme at all Winter Olympics. In addition, figure skating and ice hockey also have been contested as part of the Summer Games before the introduction of separate Winter Olympics.
In recent years, the IOC has added several new sports to the programme to attract attention from young spectators. Examples of such sports include snowboarding and beach volleyball. The growth of the Olympics also means that some less popular modern pentathlon or expensive white water canoeing sports may lose their place on the Olympic programme. The IOC decided to discontinue baseball and softball beginning in Cricket and Rugby union used to be in the Olympic Games but were discontinued; a revival is now seen as possible.
Rule Following its th Session Mexico , the IOC also decided to limit the programme of the Summer Games to a maximum of 28 sports, events, and 10, athletes. The Olympic sports are defined as those governed by the International Federations listed in Rule 46 of the Olympic Charter. A two-thirds vote of the IOC is required to amend the Charter to promote a Recognised Federation to Olympic status and therefore make the sports it governs eligible for inclusion on the Olympic programme.
Rule 47 of the Charter requires that only Olympic sports may be included in the programme. A simple majority is required for an Olympic sport to be included in the Olympic programme. Under the current rules, an Olympic sport not selected for inclusion in a particular Games remains an Olympic sport and may be included again later with a simple majority.
Until , the Olympics also often featured demonstration sports. The objective was for these sports to reach a larger audience; the winners of these events are not official Olympic champions.
These sports were sometimes popular only in the host nation, but internationally known sports have also been demonstrated.
Some demonstration sports eventually were included as full-medal events. The ethos of English public schools greatly influenced Pierre de Coubertin.
The Olympics in London even included a competition in water motorsports. Other than rugby and golf, which were featured several times in the early s before reappearing in , tennis took the longest hiatus between and 13 games , followed by archery from to 10 games. The only sports that have featured in all Olympic Summer Games since are gymnastics, athletics, cycling, fencing and swimming. Rowing and water polo have been continuously featured since their inaugurations in Katharina Buchholz , Data Journalist, Statista.
With the collaboration of Statista. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.
There are 1. They make up the largest adult generational cohort worldwide. Digital denim, according to a new study, is a good match for more labour-intensive methods of denim production as it uses less energy and has fewer costs. I accept. This chart shows you.
Some sports have got to the Olympics quicker than others. Katharina Buchholz Data Journalist, Statista. Take action on UpLink. Forum in focus. Read more about this project. They have recognized four news sports, and have brought back two discontinued sports.
Baseball and softball will also return to the Olympics after being cut. The last time baseball was included in the Olympics was at the Beijing Olympics.
The IOC has decided to make a commitment to the youth by bringing sports to them in urban environments, something the Olympic Committee has not done before. The sports added to the Olympics are also traditionally popular in Japan, implicitly bringing a lot of attention from the host country. With the many options that young people have, we cannot expect any more that they will come automatically to us.
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